Derechas radicales en Hungría y Polonia
entre el pasado y el presente
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31990/agenda.2022.1.5Palabras clave:
Polonia, Hungría, Derecha radical, PolíticaResumen
Este artículo busca identificar los aspectos ideológicos y culturales disponibles sobre los que se ha estructurado la hegemonía de la derecha radical en Hungría y Polonia. Esto supone indagar en la historia que ha llevado a la configuración de ciertos aspectos como parte de la identidad nacional y considerar elementos de mediana y larga duración que han contribuido para su desarrollo. La indagación en el pasado autoritario nos llevará luego a examinar el presente, donde evaluamos la interacción dentro del “ecosistema político de derecha radical” que se presenta en ambos países.
Citas
AARAO REIS, D.. A extrema-direita brasileira: uma concepção política autoritária em formação. Revista Anuário de Historia, Buenos Aires, n. 32, 2020.
ANDERSON, B.. Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Londres: Verso books, 2006.
APPLEBAUM, A.. Twilight of democracy: the seductive lure of authoritarianism. Nueva York: Doubleday, 2020.
BILL, S.; STANLEY, B.. Whose Poland is it to be? PiS and the struggle between monism and pluralism. East European Politics, v. 36, n. 3, p. 378-394, 2020.
BOZÓKI, A.. Broken democracy, predatory state, and nationalist populism. In: KRASZTEV, P.; VAN TIL, J.. (Org.). The Hungarian patient: social opposition to an illiberal democracy. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2015.
BUŠTÍKOVÁ, L.. The radical right in Eastern Europe. In: RYDGREN, J.. (Org.). The Oxford handbook of the radical right. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
BUŠTÍKOVÁ, L.; KITSCHELT, H.. The radical right in post-communist Europe: comparative perspectives on legacies and party competition. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, v. 42, n. 4, p. 459-483, 2009.
CHMIELEWSKA-SZLAJFER, H.. Opinion dailies versus Facebook fan pages: the case of Poland’s surprising 2015 presidential elections. Media, Culture & Society, v. 40, n. 6, p. 938-950, 2018.
DARDEN, K.; GRZYMALA-BUSSE, A.. The great divide: Literacy, nationalism, and the communist collapse. World Politics, v. 59, n. 1, p. 83-115, 2006.
DELLI CARPINI, M. X.. Alternative facts: Donald Trump and the emergence of a new US media regime. In: BOCZKOWSKI, P. J.; PAPACHARISSI, Z. (Org.). Trump and the Media. Cambridge, Londres: MIT Press, 2018.
GDULA, M.. Nowy autorytaryzm. Varsovia: Wydawnictwo Krytyki Politycznej, 2018.
GOLDSTEIN, A.. Bolsonaro: la democracia de Brasil en peligro. Buenos Aires: Marea Editorial, 2019.
______. Poder Evangélico: cómo los grupos religiosos están copando la política en América. Buenos Aires: Marea Editorial, 2020.
______ (2021). Brazil leads the third wave of the Latin American far right . Right Now!, Universidad de Oslo, Oslo, 1 mar. 2021. Disponible en: <https://www.sv.uio.no/c-rex/english/news-and-events/right-now/2021/brazil-leads-the-third-wave-of-the-latin-american-.html>. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
HARRIS, J.; DAVIDSON, C.; FLETCHER, B.; HARRIS, P. Trump and American fascism. International Critical Thought, v. 7, n. 4, p. 476-492, 2017.
HOCHSCHILD, A. R.. Strangers in their own land: anger and mourning on the American right. Nueva York: The New Press, 2018.
HOCKENOS, P.. Free to hate: the rise of the right in post-communist Eastern Europe. Nueva York: Routledge, 1993.
INGLEHART, R. F.; NORRIS, P.. Trump, Brexit, and the rise of populism: Economic have-nots and cultural backlash. Harvard JFK School of Government Faculty Working Papers Series, p. 1-52, 2016.
JUDT, T.. Postwar: a history of Europe since 1945. Londres: Penguin, 2006.
KERSHAW, I.. Descenso a los infiernos: Europa 1914-1949. Barcelona: Crítica, 2015.
KIM, S.. Because the homeland cannot be in opposition: analysing the discourses of Fidesz and Law and Justice (PiS) from opposition to power. East European Politics, v. 37, n. 2, 2020.
KOROLCZUK, E.; GRAFF, A.. Gender as “Ebola from Brussels”: The anticolonial frame and the rise of illiberal populism. Signs – Journal of Women in Culture and Society, v.43, n. 4, p. 797-821, 2018.
KOTWAS, M.; KUBIK, J.. Symbolic thickening of public culture and the rise of right-wing populism in Poland. East European Politics and Societies, v. 33, n. 2, p. 435-471, 2019.
KREKÓ, P.; MAYER, G.. Transforming Hungary–together?. In: MINKENBERG, M.. (Org.). Transforming the Transformation? The East European Radical Right in the Political Process. Londres: Routledge, 2015.
LENDVAI, P.. Orbán: Hungary's Strongman. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
LEVITSKY, S.; ZIBLATT, D.. Cómo mueren las democracias. Barcelona: Ariel, 2018.
LIEBERMAN, R.; METTLER, S.; PEPINSKY, T. B.; ROBERTS, K. M.; VALELLY, R. (2017). Trumpism and American democracy: History, comparison, and the predicament of liberal democracy in the United States. Social Science Research Network, 29 ago. 2017. Disponible en: <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3028990 >. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
LIPKA, M.; SAHGAL, N. (2017). 9 key findings about religion and politics in Central and Eastern Europe. Pew Research Center, 10 mayo 2017. Disponible en: <https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/10/9-key-findings-about-religion-and-politics-in-central-and-eastern-europe/ >. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
LOVE, N. S.. Back to the future: Trendy fascism, the Trump effect, and the alt-right. New Political Science, v. 39, n. 2, p. 263-268, 2017.
LUKOWSKI, J.; ZAWADZKI, H.. A concise history of Poland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
MACHADO, Rosana P.; SCALCO, Lucia. Da esperança ao ódio: juventude, política e pobreza do lulismo ao bolsonarismo. Cadernos IHU Ideas, v. 16, n. 278, 2018.
MAGYAR, B.; MADLOVICS, B.. The anatomy of post-communist regimes: a conceptual framework. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2020.
MASCI, D (2018). Most Poles accept Jews as fellow citizens and neighbors, but a minority do not. Pew Research Center, 28 mar. 2018. Disponible en: <https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/03/28/most-poles-accept-jews-as-fellow-citizens-and-neighbors-but-a-minority-do-not/ >. Acceso en: 22 ene. 2022.
MICKEY, R.; LEVITISKY, S.; WAY, L. A.. Is America still safe for democracy? Why the United States is in danger of backsliding. Foreign Affairs, v. 96, 2017.
MROZOWICKI, A.; KAJTA, J.. Young people, precarious employment and nationalism in Poland: exploring the (missing) links. European Review, v. 29, n. 4, p. 470-483, 2021.
MUDDE, C.. Populism: an ideational approach. In: KALTWASSER, C. R., TAGGART, P. A., ESPEJO, P. O.; OSTIGUY, P.. (Org.). The Oxford handbook of populism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. p. 27-47.
______. The far right today. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2019.
MÜLLER, J. W.. The hungarian tragedy. Dissent, v. 58, n. 2, p. 5-10, 2011.
OST, D.. Workers and the radical right in Poland. International Labor and Working-Class History, v. 93, p. 113-124, 2018.
PANKOWSKI, R.. The populist radical right in Poland: the patriots. Londres: Routledge, 2010.
PEW RESEARCH CENTER (2017). Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe. Pew Research Center, 10 mayo 2017. Disponible en: <https://www.pewforum.org/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/ >. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
POGANY, S.. Reinventing the Protocols of the Elders of Zion: antisemitism in Orbán’s Hungary. In: ALIETTI, A.; PADOVAN, D.. Clockwork Enemy: xenophobia and racism in the era of Neo-populism. Milán: Mimesis International, 2020.
POLAND’s populist ruling party clings to the presidency. The Economist, 16 de julio de 2020. Disponible en: <https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/07/16/polands-populist-ruling-party-clings-to-the-presidency >. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
PRAZMOWSKA, ANITA J.. A history of Poland. 2. ed. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
PRONCZUK, MONICA; SANTORA, M. (2020). After Tight Race for Polish President, Andrzej Duda Wins 2nd Term. The New York Times, Nueva York, 16 jul. 2020. Disponible en: <https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/13/world/europe/poland-president-elections-Andrzej-Duda.html>. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
PYTLAS, B.. From mainstream to power: the Law and Justice Party in Poland. In: DECKER, F.; HENNINGSEN, B.; LEWANDOWSKY, M.; ADORF, P.. (Org.). Aufstand der Außenseiter: Die Herausforderung der europäischen Politik durch den neuen Populismus. Baden-Baden: Nomos. 2021.
ROCHA, Camila. “Menos Marx mais Mises”: uma gênese da nova direita brasileira (2006-2018). Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencia Política) – Universidad de San Pablo. San Pablo. 2018.
RODRIK, D.. Populism and the economics of globalization. Journal of international business policy, v. 1, n. 1, p. 12-33, 2018.
RYDLIŃSKI, B. Nationalism and Neo-Fascism Under Jarosław Kaczyński. In: EHMSEN, S.; SCHARENBERG, A.. (Org.). The far right in government: six cases from across Europe. Nueva York: Rosa Lexemburg Stiftung, 2018.
SANTORA, M. (2019a). In Poland, nationalism with a progressive touch wins voters. The New York Times, Nueva York, 10 oct. 2019. Disponible en: <https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/10/world/europe/poland-election-law-and-justice-party.html>. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
______ (2019b). Poland Bashes Immigrants, but Quietly Takes Christian Ones. The New York Times, Nueva York, 26 mar. 2019. Disponible en: <https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/26/world/europe/immigration-poland-ukraine-christian.html>. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
______ (2019c). Poland Election: Law and Justice Party Holds on to Power, Early Returns Show. The New York Times, Nueva York, 14 oct. 2019. Disponible en: <https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/13/world/europe/poland-election.html>. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
______ (2020). Poland’s Presidential Election Was Close but Voters Remain Far Apart. The New York Times, Nueva York, 14 jul. 2020. Disponible en: <https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/world/europe/poland-election-court-challenge.html>. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
SANTORA, M.; BERENDT, Joanna (2019). Poland’s State Media Is Government’s Biggest Booster Before Election. The New York Times, Nueva York, 11 oct. 2019. Disponible en: <https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/11/world/europe/poland-election-state-television-tvp.html>. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
SIERAKOWSKI, S. (2018). The Beginning of the End for Poland’s Populists?. The New York Times, Nueva York, 6 nov. 2018. Disponible en: <https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/06/opinion/the-beginning-of-the-end-for-polands-populists.html>. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
SMITH, D. N.; HANLEY, E.. The anger games: who voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 election, and why?. Critical Sociology, v. 44, n. 2, p. 195-212, 2018.
SOLANO, Esther. Crise da democracia e extremismos de direita. Análise, v. 42. n. 1, p. 1-29, 2018.
STANLEY, J.. How fascism works: the politics of us and them. Nueva York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2020.
SZCZERBIAK, A. (2020). What are the prospects for Poland's radical right Confederation?. Blog EUROPP (LSE), Londres, 6 ene. 2020. Disponible en: <https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2020/01/06/what-are-the-prospects-for-polands-radical-right-confederation/ >. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
______ (2021a). Can younger voters revive the Polish left?. The Polish Politics Blog, 30 abr. 2021. Disponible en: <https://polishpoliticsblog.wordpress.com/2021/04/30/can-younger-voters-revive-the-polish-left/>. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
______ (2021b). How has the EU budget dispute affected the power struggle within Poland’s governing camp?. Notes from Poland, 4 ene. 2021. Disponible en: <https://notesfrompoland.com/2021/01/04/how-has-the-eu-budget-dispute-affected-the-power-struggle-within-polands-governing-camp/>. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
______ (2021c): What are the prospects for Poland’s TV celebrity-politician Szymon Hołownia?. Notes from Poland, 2 mar. 2021. Disponible en: <https://notesfrompoland.com/2021/03/02/what-are-the-prospects-for-polands-celebrity-politician-szymon-holownia/>. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
SZOMBATI, K. (2017a). From authoritarian populism to authoritarian statism in Hungary: a model for ruling the semi-periphery. Conference paper. Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association Meetings, Washington, DC, nov. 2017.
______ (2017b). Viktor Orbán and the Far Right in Hungary. Youtube, 4 ago. 2017. Disponible en: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNVc23sj5hA >. Acceso en: 25 ene. 2022.
______. Viktor Orbán’s Authoritarian Regime. In: EHMSEN, S.; SCHARENBERG, A.. (Org.). The far right in government: six cases from across Europe. Nueva York: Rosa Lexemburg Stiftung, 2018.
TOROCZKAI, L. (2015). Message to illegal immigrants from Hungary. Youtube, 20 set. 2015. Disponible en: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEDkzvOdGoo >. Acceso en: 22 ene. 2022.
VARGA, M.. Hungary's “anti-capitalist” far-right: Jobbik and the Hungarian Guard. Nationalities papers, v. 42, n. 5, p. 791-807, 2014.
VOICES of Central and Eastern Europe. Political Capital, 2020. Disponible en: <https://politicalcapital.hu/news.php?article_read=1&article_id=2607 >. Acceso en: 22 ene. 2022.
WAISBORD, S.. The elective affinity between post-truth communication and populist politics. Communication Research and Practice, v. 4, n. 1, p. 17-34, 2018.
WAISBORD, S.; TUCKER, T.; LICHTENHELD, Z.. Trump and the Great Disruption in Public Communication. In: BOCZKOWSKI, P. J.; PAPACHARISSI, Z. (Org.). Trump and the Media. Cambridge, Londres: MIT Press, 2018.
Entrevistas
Aleks Szczebiak
András Biró-Nagy
Árgyelán Janos
Artur Domoslavski
Ferenc Gyurcsány
Iván Szelenyi
Justyna Kajta
Márton Gyöngyösi
Mátyás Eörsi
Michal Sutowski
Pawel Spiewak
Stephen Pogany
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2022 Agenda Política
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Direito Autoral
Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, sendo o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Creative Commons Attribution License o que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- As ideias e opiniões expressas no artigo são de exclusiva responsabilidade do autor, não refletindo, necessariamente, as opiniões da revista.
- Após a primeira publicação, o autor tem autorização para assumir contratos adicionais, independentes da revista, para a divulgação do trabalho por outros meios (ex: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), desde que feita a citação completa da mesma autoria e da publicação original.
- O autor de um artigo já publicado tem permissão e é estimulado a distribuir o seu trabalho on-line, sempre com as devidas citações da primeira edição.
