El origen, trayecto, y rumbo de la investigación en torno a la variación de los regímenes subnacionales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31990/agenda.2021.3.1Palavras-chave:
análisis subnacional , democracia subnacional , cambio de régimen, política subnacionalResumo
Este artículo discute lo que la ciencia política (no)conoce sobre por qué las provincias dentro de los países tienen regímenes distintos. Específicamente, se evalúa la investigación sobre la heterogeneidad de los regímenes subnacionales (HRS). El texto discute nuestra comprensión actual sobre la HRS e identifica limitaciones teóricas y metodológicas importantes. Para superarlas, el artículo exhorta a 1) revisar con un enfoque subnacional los análisis de nivel nacional, 2) articular una aproximación subnacional mixta que balancee estructura y agencia, e invita a 3) sopesar el intercambio entre el nivel de análisis y la complejidad de los mecanismos causales teorizados. Asimismo, utilizando evidencia electoral de Argentina, Brasil, y México, el artículo señala que, al hablar de democracia, la posición relativa de las unidades subnacionales se ha mantenido relativamente estable a través del tiempo. Así, se invita a futuros estudios a 4) descongelar la historia. Con esta agenda, los estudiosos de la política subnacional podrán (re)avivar la discusión y profundizar nuestro conocimiento sobre el tema.
Referências
ALBERTUS, M.; MENALDO, V. Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2018.
ANSELL, B.; SAMUELS, D. Inequality and Democratization: An Elite-Competition Approach. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
BEER, C. Electoral Competition and Fiscal Decentralization in Mexico. En: MONTERO, A.; SAMUELS, D. (Eds.). Decentralization and Democracy in Latin America. [s.l.] University of Notre Dame Press, 2004. p. 180–202.
BEHREND, J. The Unevenness of Democracy at the Subnational Level: Provincial Closed Games in Argentina. Latin American Research Review, v. 46, n. 1, p. 150–176, 2011.
BEHREND, J.; WHITEHEAD, L. Illiberal Practices: Territorial Variance within Large Federal Democracies. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2016.
BIANCHI, M. F. The Political Economy of Sub-National democracy: Fiscal Rentierism and Geography in Argentina. [s.l.] Sciences Po, 2013.
BOHLKEN, A. T. Democratization from Above: The Logic of Local Democracy in the Developing World. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2016.
BORGES, A. Subnational Hybrid Regimes and Democratization in Brazil: Why Party Nationalization Matters. En: BEHREND, J.; WHITEHEAD, L. (Eds.). . Illiberal Practices. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2016. p. 162–196.
CAPOCCIA, G.; ZIBLATT, D. The Historical Turn in Democratization Studies: A New Research Agenda for Europe and Beyond. Comparative Political Studies, v. 43, n. 8/9, p. 931–968, 2010.
CASSANI, A.; TOMINI, L. Reversing regimes and concepts: from democratization to autocratization. European Political Science, v. 19, p. 272–287, 2020.
CASTELLANOS HERNÁNDEZ, L. (ED.). Enciclopedia parlamentaria de México: legislación y estadísticas electorales, 1814-1997. Ciudad de México: Instituto de Investigaciones Legislativas del Congreso de la Unión, 1997.
COLLIER, D.; LEVITSKY, S. Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research. World Politics, v. 49, n. 3, p. 430–451, 1997.
COLLIER, R. B.; COLLIER, D. Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. [s.l.] Princeton University Press, 1991.
DAHL, R. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971.
DENEEN, P. Why Liberalism Failed. [s.l.] Yale University Press, 2018.
FOA, R.; MOUNK, Y. The Danger of Deconsolidation: The Democratic Disconnect. Journal Of Democracy, v. 27, n. 3, p. 5–17, 2016.
FOX, J. Latin America’s Emerging Local Politics. Journal of Democracy, v. 5, n. 2, p. 105–116, 1994.
FRAGA, R.; MALACRIDA, G. Argentina en las Urnas: 1916-1989. Buenos Aires: Editorial Centro de Estudios Unión para la Nueva Mayoría, 1989.
GERVASONI, C. A Rentier Theory of Subnational Regimes: Fiscal Federalism, Democracy, and Authoritarianism in the Argentine Provinces. World Politics, v. 62, n. 2, p. 302–340, 2010.
GERVASONI, C. Hybrid Regimes within Democracies. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2018.
GIBSON, E. Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
GIBSON, E. Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Democratic Countries. World Politics, v. 58, n. 1, p. 101–132, 2005.
GIRAUDY, A. Democrats and Autocrats. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2015.
GRAFE, R.; IRIGOIN, M. A. The Spanish Empire and its Legacy: Fiscal Redistribution and Political Conflict in Colonial and Post-Colonial Spanish America. Journal of Global History, v. 1, n. 2, p. 241–267, 2006.
GRIFFIS GARLAND, J. Democratic Blind Spots: Organized Labor and the Persistence of Subnational Authoritarianism in Mexico. [s.l.] Florida State University, 2019.
HALL, P. A. Politics as a Process Structured in Space and Time. In: FIORETOS, O.; FALLETI, T. G.; SHEINGATE, A. (Eds.). . The Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism. [s.l.] Oxford University Press, 2016. p. 31–50.
HERNÁNDEZ, A. Las causas estructurales de la democracia local en México: 1989-1998. Política y Gobierno, v. 7, n. 1, p. 101–144, 2000.
HERRMANN, J. Social Heterogeneity, Political Mediation and Subnational Illiberalism: Oaxaca and Puebla, Mexico. En: BEHREND, J.; WHITEHEAD, L. (Eds.). . Illiberal Practices. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2016. p. 230–264.
HUNTINGTON, S. P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. [s.l.] University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
INGLEHART, R. Mapping Global Values. Comparative Sociology, v. 5, n. 2, p. 115–136, 2006.
KREUZER, M. The Grammar of Time: Using Comparative Historical Analysis to Investigate Macro-Historical Questions. forthcoming. ed. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, [s.d.].
LEVITSKY, S.; WAY, L. A. Competitive Authoritarianism. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2011.
LINZ, J. J. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and Reequilibration. [s.l.] John Hopkins University Press, 1978.
LINZ, J. J.; STEPAN, A. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. En: Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. [s.l.] John Hopkins University Press, 1996.
LIPSET, S. M. Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. American Political Science Review, v. 53, n. 1, p. 69–105, 1959.
LÜHRMANN, A.; LINDBERG, S. I. A third wave of autocratization is here: what is new about it? Democratization, v. 26, n. 7, p. 1095–1113, 2019.
MAHONEY, J.; MOHAMEDALI, K.; NGUYEN, C. Causality and Time in Historical Institutionalism. En: FIORETOS, K.; FALLETI, T. G.; SHEINGATE, A. (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism. [s.l.] Oxford University Press, 2016. p. 71–88.
MCMANN, K. M. Economic Autonomy and Democracy: Hybrid Regimes in Russia and Kyrgyzstan. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2006.
MCMANN, K. M.; NIKOLAIV, P. A Survey of Democracy in Russia’s Regions. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, v. 41, n. 3, p. 155–182, 2000.
MCMANN, K. M. et al. Explaining Subnational Regime Variation: Country-Level Factors. Comparative Politics, v. 53, n. 4, p. 637–685, 2021.
MERA, M. National Democracies, Local Autocracies: The Uneven Democratization of Subnational Governments in Argentina and Brazil. [s.l.] Georgetown University, 2016.
MONTERO, A. Uneven Democracy? Subnational Authoritarianism in Democratic Brazil. Latin American Studies Association Conference. Anais.Montreal, Canada: 2007.
MOORE, B. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press, 1966.
MORLINO, R. Are there hybrid regimes? Or are they just an optical illusion? European Political Science Review, v. 1, n. 2, p. 273–296, 2009.
MOUNK, Y. The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom is in Danger and How to Save It. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2018.
NOHLEN, D. Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook. [s.l.] Oxford University Press, 2005.
O’DONNELL, G. On the state, democratization and some conceptual problems: A Latin American view with glances at some postcommunist countries. World Development, v. 21, n. 8, p. 1355–1369, 1993.
O’DONNELL, G.; SCHMITTER, P. C. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. [s.l.] John Hopkins University Press, 1986.
ORTEGA, R. Y.; SOMUANO, M. F. Democracia en los estados mexicanos: un análisis subnacional. En: PUIG, M. S.; ORTEGA, R. Y.; SOMUANO, M. F. (Eds.). . La Democracia en México: Un análisis a 10 años de la alternancia. Barcelona: Bellaterra, 2011. p. 15–40.
PEPINSKY, T. Economic Crises and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes: Indonesia and Malaysia in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
PIERSON, P. Politics in Time: History, Institutions and Social Analysis. [s.l.] Princeton University Press, 2004.
PRZEWORSKI, A. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. In: Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 1991.
PRZEWORSKI, A. et al. Democracy and Development Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
RUESCHEMEYER, DIETRICH, STEPHENS, E.; STEPHENS, J. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
RUNCIMAN, D. How Democracy Ends. [s.l.] London: Profile Books, 2018.
RUSTOW, D. Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model. Comparative Politics, v. 2, n. 2, p. 337–363, 1970.
SAIKKONEN, I. Subnational Democratization and Electoral Authoritarianism in Russia: From Subnational Regime Diversity to Unitary Authoritarianism.En: BEHREND, J.; WHITEHEAD, L. (Eds.). Illiberal Practices. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2016. p. 265–290.
SARTORI, G. Concept Misformation in Comparative Research. American Political Science Review, v. 64, n. 4, p. 1033–1053, 1970.
SCHEDLER, A. Elections Without Democracy. Journal Of Democracy, v. 13, n. 2, p. 36–50, 2002.
SNYDER, R. Politics after Neoliberalism. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2001.
SOIFER, H. D. Units of Analysis in Subnational Research. En: GIRAUDY, A.; MONCADA, E.; SNYDER, R. (Eds.). Inside Countries: Subnational Research in Comparative Politics. [s.l.] Cambridge University Press, 2019. p. 92–112.
SOUZA, C. The Rise and Fall of Illiberal Politics in the Brazilian State of Bahia. En: BEHREND, J.; WHITEHEAD, L. (Eds.). Illiberal Practices. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2016. p. 197–229.
STIGLITZ, J. E. The Price of Inequality. London: Penguin Books, 2013.
TEORELL, J. Determinants of Democratization: Explaining Regime Change in the World 1972-2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
TUDOR, M.; ZIEGFELD, A. Subnational Democratization in India: The Role of Colonial Competition and Central Intervention. En: BEHREND, J.; WHITEHEAD, L. (Eds.). . Illiberal Practices. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2016. p. 49–88.
VANHANEN, T. A New Dataset for Measuring Democracy: 1810-1998. Journal of Peace Research, v. 37, n. 2, p. 251–265, 2000.
WHITEHEAD, L. Democratization Theory and Experience. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2022 Agenda Política
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Direito Autoral
Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, sendo o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Creative Commons Attribution License o que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- As ideias e opiniões expressas no artigo são de exclusiva responsabilidade do autor, não refletindo, necessariamente, as opiniões da revista.
- Após a primeira publicação, o autor tem autorização para assumir contratos adicionais, independentes da revista, para a divulgação do trabalho por outros meios (ex: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), desde que feita a citação completa da mesma autoria e da publicação original.
- O autor de um artigo já publicado tem permissão e é estimulado a distribuir o seu trabalho on-line, sempre com as devidas citações da primeira edição.
